Arthritis is the most common, disabling and expensive chronic illness in the U.S. It affects 46 million Americans of all ages and takes more than 100 forms, including osteoarthritis (the most common) ankylosing spondylitis (osteoarthritis of the spine), gout, lupus and juvenile arthritis.

Arthritis is the degeneration of joint cartilage and changes in underlying bone and supporting tissues. Symptoms include pain, inflammation, stiffness, swelling and limited mobility.

There are some risk factors that can be controlled and some that can’t.

Susan Ristine of the Texas Department of State Health Services, said family history plays a part. Women generally face higher risk than men. Half of the elderly population is affected by arthritis, and risk increases with age. While you may not be able to control these factors, you can choose to take care of yourself, said Ristine.

“I hear of lot of people say, 'I’m old, and I’ve got arthritis, and there’s nothing I can do about it,’ and they assume it’s just part of aging. That’s just not true. Go to your doctor. There are things you can do.”

Ristine added that early detection, diagnosis and treatment are key to managing arthritis, just like any chronic illness.

There are five basic risk factors for developing or worsening arthritis that can be controlled: obesity, physical inactivity, injuries, infections and occupations.

• Get and stay at an ideal weight. “Every additional pound gained places an additional three pounds on the knees,” said Ristine. “It increases the burden and wear and tear on your body.”

Eating right and keeping a healthy body weight is the first step to a better life.

• Don’t dodge exercise. “It sounds counterintuitive, but what you want to do is get moving,” Ristine said. “Consult your doctor first, but moderate activity for at least 30 total minutes a day, three days a week is recommended for people with arthritis. If you have arthritis, you shouldn’t try to run a marathon, but you can walk, ride your bike and swim.” Weightlifting and other resistance training increases joint function and range of motion and delay disability, she said.

• Be careful on the field. Play sports? Don’t let fear of arthritis hold you back. But do heed the example of NBA star Shaquille O’Neal, who’s hampered by an arthritic toe after 17 years of running, jumping and dunking. “Repeated joint trauma won’t trigger arthritis immediately, but it’s still smart to wear protective gear. And if you’ve been injured, give yourself time to heal and re-avoid injury.”

• Guard against infection, both indoors and out. In hunting season, wear insect repellent and clothing that covers the legs and arms. Deer ticks carry Lyme disease, which is associated with arthritis. Certain gastrointestinal infections also are linked with arthritis, so contact one’s doctor if you suspect you have one, said Ristine.

• Learn the best practices for one’s job. “Office workers can be prone to carpal tunnel syndrome, a type of arthritis often triggered by repetitive motions and steady pressure on the wrist.”

The best strategy is to pay close attention to posture and vary physical work routines. Jobs that involve a lot of stooping, crawling or carrying heavy loads require extra precautions. Wear a back brace and knee pads. Lift with the legs, not the back.

“If you notice any pain, stiffness or swelling, see your doctor right away,” said Ristine. “You’ll be able to set up a routine either to thwart or slow the development of arthritis.”

For more information, visit www.dshs.state.tx.us and use the search term “Arthritis.”